Table of Contents
CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
Passage
A. Stories and poems aimed at children have an exceedingly long history: lullabies, for example, were sung in Roman times, and a few nursery games and rhymes are almost as ancient. Yet so far as written-down literature is concerned, while there were stories in print before 1700 that children gave an often seized on when they had the chance, such as translations of Aesop’s fables, fairy-stories and popular ballads and romances, these were not aimed at young people in particular. Since the only genuinely child-oriented literature at this time would have been a few instructional works to help with reading and general knowledge, plus the odd Puritanical tract as an aid to morality, the only course for keen child readers was to read adult literature. This still occurs today, especially with adult thrillers or romances that include more exciting, graphic detail than is normally found in the literature for younger readers.
B. By the middle of the 18th century there were enough eager child readers, and enough parents glad to cater to this interest, for publishers to specialize in children’s books whose first aim was pleasure rather than education or morality. In Britain, a London merchant named Thomas Boreham produced Cajanus, The Swedish Giant in 1742, while the more famous John Newbery published A Little Pretty Pocket Book in 1744.1ts contents rhymes, stories, children’s games plus a free gift (‘A ball and a pincushion’) in many ways anticipated the similar lucky-dip contents of children’s annuals this century. It is a tribute to Newbery’s flair that he hit upon a winning formula quite so quickly, to be pirated almost immediately in America.
C. Such pleasing levity was not to last. Influenced by Rousseau, whose (1762) decreed that all books for children save Robinson Crusoe were a dangerous diversion, contemporary critics saw to it that children’s literature should be instructive and uplifting. Prominent among such voices was Mrs. Sarah Trimmer, whose magazine The Guardian of Education (1802) carried the first regular reviews of children’s books. It was she who condemned fairy-tales for their violence and general absurdity; her own stories, Fabulous Histories (1786) described talking animals who were always models of sense and decorum.
D. So the moral story for children was always threatened from within, given the way children have of drawing out entertainment from the sternest moralist. But the greatest blow to the improving children’s book was to come from an unlikely source indeed: early 19th-century interest in folklore. Both nursery rhymes, selected by James Orchard Halliwell for a folklore society in 1842, and collection of fairy-stories by the scholarly Grimm brothers, swiftly translated into English in 1823, soon rocket to popularity with the young, quickly leading to new editions, each one more child-centered than the last. From now on younger children could expect stories written for their particular interest and with the needs of their own limited experience of life kept well to the fore.
E. What eventually determined the reading of older children was often not the availability of special children’s literature as such but access to books that contained characters, such as young people or animals, with whom they could more easily empathize, or action, such as exploring or fighting, that made few demands on adult maturity or understanding.
F. The final apotheosis of literary childhood as something to be protected from unpleasant reality came with the arrival in the late 1930s of child-centered best- sellers intend on entertainment at its most escapist. In Britain novelist such as Enid Blyton and Richmal Crompton described children who were always free to have the most unlikely adventures, secure in the knowledge that nothing bad could ever happen to them in the end. The fact that war broke out again during her books’ greatest popularity fails to register at all in the self-enclosed world inhabited by Enid Blyton’s young characters. Reaction against such dream-worlds was inevitable after World War II, coinciding with the growth of paperback sales, children’s libraries and a new spirit of moral and social concern. Urged on by committed publishers and progressive librarians, writers slowly began to explore new areas of interest while also shifting the settings of their plots from the middle-class world to which their chiefly adult patrons had always previously belonged.
G. Critical emphasis, during this development, has been divided. For some the most important task was to rid children’s books of the social prejudice and exclusiveness no longer found acceptable. Others concentrated more on the positive achievements of contemporary children’s literature. That writers of these works are now often recommended to the attentions of adult as well as child readers echoes the 19th-century belief that children’s literature can be shared by the generations, rather than being a defensive barrier between childhood and the necessary growth towards adult understanding.
Questions
Questions 14-18
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
| DATE | FEATURES | AIM | EXAMPLE |
| Before 1700 | Not aimed at young children | Education and morality | Puritanical tract |
| By the middle of 18th century | Collection of rhymes 14…..and games | Read for pleasure | A Little Pretty Pocket Book (exported to 15 …..) |
| Early 19th century | Growing interest in 16….. | To be more children- centered | Nursery rhymes and 17….. |
| Late 1930s | Stories of harm-free 18…… | Entertainment | Enid Blyton and Richamal Crompton’s novels |
Questions 19-21
Look at the following people and the list of statements below. Match each person with the correct statement.
Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.
19. Thomas Boreham
20. Mrs. Sarah trimmer
21. Grimm Brothers
——————————————————-
List of statements
A. Wrote criticisms of children’s literature
B. Used animals to demonstrate the absurdity of fairy tales
C. Was not a writer originally
D. Translated a book into English
E. Didn’t write in the English language
Questions 22-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
——————- ————–
22. Children didn’t start to read books until 1700.
23. Sarah Trimmer believed that children’s books should set good examples.
24. Parents were concerned about the violence in children’s books.
25. An interest in the folklore changed the direction of the development of children’s books.
26. Today children’s book writers believe their works should appeal to both children and adults.
Answers
Below are the answers, key words, synonyms and full explanations for the IELTS Reading passage Children’s Literature (Passage 2, Questions 14–26).
Questions 14–18: Table Completion (NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS)
14. By the middle of 18th century — Collection of rhymes ______ and games
Answer: stories
Key words: Its contents — rhymes, stories, children’s games plus a free gift
Synonyms: collection of rhymes ______ and games = rhymes, stories, children’s games = “A Little Pretty Pocket Book … Its contents rhymes, stories, children’s games plus a free gift”
Explanation: The book’s contents were rhymes, stories and games → stories.
15. A Little Pretty Pocket Book (exported to ______)
Answer: America
Key words: to be pirated almost immediately in America
Synonyms: exported to ______ = pirated almost immediately in America = “It is a tribute to Newbery’s flair that he hit upon a winning formula quite so quickly, to be pirated almost immediately in America”
Explanation: The book was copied/exported to America → America.
16. Early 19th century — Growing interest in ______
Answer: folklore
Key words: the greatest blow to the improving children’s book was to come from … early 19th-century interest in folklore
Synonyms: growing interest in ______ = early 19th-century interest in folklore = “the greatest blow to the improving children’s book was to come from an unlikely source indeed: early 19th-century interest in folklore”
Explanation: The new influence was a growing interest in folklore → folklore.
17. Example: Nursery rhymes and ______
Answer: fairy-stories (fairy-tales)
Key words: Both nursery rhymes … and collection of fairy-stories by the scholarly Grimm brothers
Synonyms: nursery rhymes and ______ = nursery rhymes and fairy-stories = “Both nursery rhymes, selected by James Orchard Halliwell … and collection of fairy-stories by the scholarly Grimm brothers”
Explanation: Alongside nursery rhymes came fairy-stories (fairy-tales) → fairy-stories.
18. Late 1930s — Stories of harm-free ______
Answer: adventures
Key words: children who were always free to have the most unlikely adventures, secure in the knowledge that nothing bad could ever happen to them
Synonyms: harm-free ______ = adventures in which nothing bad could ever happen = “described children who were always free to have the most unlikely adventures, secure in the knowledge that nothing bad could ever happen to them in the end”
Explanation: Blyton/Crompton wrote harm-free adventures where nothing bad happens → adventures. (Some keys mistakenly repeat “fairy-stories” here, but the passage word for the late-1930s row is “adventures”.)
Questions 19–21: Matching People (A–E)
19. Thomas Boreham
Answer: C (Was not a writer originally)
Key words: a London merchant named Thomas Boreham produced Cajanus, The Swedish Giant
Synonyms: not a writer originally = a London merchant who produced a book = “In Britain, a London merchant named Thomas Boreham produced Cajanus, The Swedish Giant in 1742”
Explanation: Boreham was a merchant, not originally a writer → C.
20. Mrs. Sarah Trimmer
Answer: A (Wrote criticisms of children’s literature)
Key words: her magazine The Guardian of Education (1802) carried the first regular reviews of children’s books
Synonyms: wrote criticisms = carried the first regular reviews of children’s books = “Mrs. Sarah Trimmer, whose magazine The Guardian of Education (1802) carried the first regular reviews of children’s books”
Explanation: Trimmer wrote the first regular reviews/criticism of children’s books → A.
21. Grimm Brothers
Answer: E (Didn’t write in the English language)
Key words: collection of fairy-stories by the scholarly Grimm brothers, swiftly translated into English in 1823
Synonyms: didn’t write in English = their work was translated into English = “collection of fairy-stories by the scholarly Grimm brothers, swiftly translated into English in 1823”
Explanation: The Grimms wrote in German (their work was translated into English) → E.
Questions 22–26: True / False / Not Given
22. Children didn’t start to read books until 1700.
Answer: FALSE
Key words: there were stories in print before 1700 that children often seized on when they had the chance
Synonyms: didn’t read until 1700 (contradicted) = children seized on stories in print before 1700 = “there were stories in print before 1700 that children … often seized on when they had the chance”
Explanation: Children read printed stories before 1700 → FALSE.
23. Sarah Trimmer believed that children’s books should set good examples.
Answer: TRUE
Key words: children’s literature should be instructive and uplifting … talking animals who were always models of sense and decorum
Synonyms: set good examples = instructive and uplifting, models of sense and decorum = “contemporary critics saw to it that children’s literature should be instructive and uplifting … models of sense and decorum”
Explanation: Trimmer wanted instructive books with characters modelling good behaviour → TRUE.
24. Parents were concerned about the violence in children’s books.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Key words: It was she who condemned fairy-tales for their violence and general absurdity
Synonyms: parents concerned about violence = only Trimmer (a critic) condemned the violence; parents’ concern is not mentioned = “It was she who condemned fairy-tales for their violence and general absurdity”
Explanation: A critic condemned the violence, but parents’ concern is never mentioned → NOT GIVEN.
25. An interest in the folklore changed the direction of the development of children’s books.
Answer: TRUE
Key words: the greatest blow to the improving children’s book … early 19th-century interest in folklore … each one more child-centered than the last
Synonyms: changed the direction = the greatest blow to the moralising book came from interest in folklore = “the greatest blow to the improving children’s book was to come from … early 19th-century interest in folklore”
Explanation: Interest in folklore redirected children’s books toward being more child-centred → TRUE.
26. Today children’s book writers believe their works should appeal to both children and adults.
Answer: TRUE
Key words: writers of these works are now often recommended to the attentions of adult as well as child readers … children’s literature can be shared by the generations
Synonyms: appeal to both children and adults = recommended to adult as well as child readers; shared by the generations = “That writers of these works are now often recommended to the attentions of adult as well as child readers echoes the 19th-century belief that children’s literature can be shared by the generations”
Explanation: Contemporary children’s writing is seen as something to be shared by both children and adults → TRUE.
Answer Key (Quick Reference)
| Q | Answer | Q | Answer |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14 | stories | 21 | E |
| 15 | America | 22 | FALSE |
| 16 | folklore | 23 | TRUE |
| 17 | fairy-stories | 24 | NOT GIVEN |
| 18 | adventures | 25 | TRUE |
| 19 | C | 26 | TRUE |
| 20 | A |
