Table of Contents
Passage
A An international protest this week aims to demonstrate the truth about homeopathy-that there/s literally nothing in it, says Martin Robbins AT 10.23 am on 30 January, more than 300 activists in the UK, Canada, Australia and the US will take part in a mass homeopathic “overdose”. Skeptics will publicly swallow an entire bottle of homeopathic pills to demonstrate to the public that homeopathic remedies, the product of a scientifically unfounded 18th-century ritual, are simply sugar pills. Many of the skeptics will swallow 84 pills of arsenicum album, a homeopathic remedy based on arsenic which is used to treat a range of symptoms, including food poisoning and insomnia. The aim of the “10:23” campaign, led by the Merseyside Skeptics Society, based in Liverpool, UK, is to raise public awareness of just exactly what homeopathyis, and to put pressure on the UK’s leading pharmacist, Boots, to remove the remedies from sale. The campaign is called 10:23in honor of the Avogadro constant (approximately 6 x 1023, the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance), of which more later.
B That such a protest is even necessary in 2010 is remarkable, but somehow the homeopathic industry has not only survived into the 21st century, but prospered. In the UK alone more than £40 million is spent annually on homeopathic treatments, with £4 million of this being sucked from the National Health Service budget. Yet the basis for homeopathy defies the laws of physics, and high-quality clinical trials have never been able to demonstrate that it works beyond the placebo effect.
C The discipline is based on three “laws”; the law of similars, the law of infinitesimals and the law of succession. The law of similars states that something which causes your symptoms will cure your symptoms, so that, for example, as caffeine keeps you awake, it can also be a cure for insomnia. Of course, that makes little sense, since drinking caffeine, well, keeps you awake. Next is the law of infinitesimals, which claims that diluting a substance makes it more potent. Homeopaths start by diluting one volume of their remedy- arsenic oxide, in the case of arsenicum album-in 99 volumes of distilled water or alcohol to create a “centesimal”. They then dilute one volume of the centesimal in 99 volumes of water or alcohol, and so on, up to 30 times. Application of Avogadro’s constant tells you that a dose of such a “30C” recipe is vanishingly unlikely to contain even a single molecule of the active ingredient. The third pillar of homeopathy is the law of succession. This states-and I’m not making this up-that by tapping the liquid in a special way during the dilution process, a memory of the active ingredient is somehow imprinted on it. This explains how water is able to carry a memory of arsenic oxide, but apparently not of the contents of your local sewer network.
D The final preparation is generally dropped onto a sugar pill which the patient swallows. Homeopaths claim that the application of these three laws results in a remedy that, even though it contains not a single molecule of the original T-T-J.—ingredient, somehow carries an “energy signature” of it that |B|JLijgyfct nobody can measure or detect. Unsurprisingly, when tested under rigorous scientific conditions, in randomized, controlled and doubleblind trials, homeopathic remedies have shown to be no better than a placebo. Of course, the placebo effect is quite powerful, but it’s a bit like justifying building a car without any wheels on the basis that you can still enjoy the comfy leather seats and play with the gear shift.
E Even some retailers who sell the treatments have admitted there is no evidence that they work. In November, Paul Bennett, the superintendent pharmacist at Boots, appeared before the UK parliament’s Commons Science and Technology Committee’s “evidence check” on homeopathy. He was questioned by Member of Parliament Phil Willis, who asked: “Do they work beyond the placebo effect?” I have no evidence before me to suggest that they are efficacious,” Bennett replied. He defended Boots’s decision to sell homeopathic remedies on the grounds of consumer choice. “A large number of our consumers actually do believe they are efficacious, but they are licensed medicinal products and, therefore, we believe it is right to make them available,” he said.
F You might agree. You might also argue that homeopathy is harmless: if people want to part with their money for sugar pills and nobody is breaking the law, why not let them? To some extent that’s true-there’s only so much damage you can do with sugar pills short of feeding them to a diabetic or dropping a large crate of them on someone’s head. However, we believe there is a risk in perpetuating the notion that homeopathy is equivalent to modern medicine. People may delay seeking appropriate treatment for themselves or their children.
G We accept that we are unlikely to convince the true believers. Homeopathy has many ways to sidestep awkward questions, such as rejecting the validity of randomized controlled trials, or claiming that homeopathic remedies only work if you have symptoms of the malady they purport to cure. Our aim is to reach out to the general public with our simple message: “There is nothing in it”. Boots and other retailers are perfectly entitled to continue selling homeopathic remedies if they so wish and consumers are perfectly entitled to keep on buying them. But hopefully the 10:23 campaign will ram home our message to the public. In the 21st century, with decades of progress behind us, it is surreal that governments are prepared to spend millions of tax pounds on homeopathy. There really is nothing in it.
Questions
Questions 1-7 Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of heading below. Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The definition of three laws
ii Quoting three laws to against the homeopathy
iii There are many methods of avoiding answering ambiguous questions.
iv The purpose of illustrating the symptoms of homeopathy
v The constant booming of homeopathy
vi Some differences between homeopathy and placebo
vii Placebo is better than homeopathy
viii A example of further demonstrating the negative effect of homeopathy.
ix The purpose of staging an demonstration to against homeopathy
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph G
Questions 8-14 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage 1?
In boxes 8-14 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the sataement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8 Skeptics planning to hold a demonstration in “10.23”campaign is to against UK’s leading pharmacist, Boots.
9 National Health Service budget gained a small portion of homeopathic industry
10 The example of Caffeine is to present that homeopathy resists the laws of similars.
11 Instilling the idea to people that homeopathy is equal to modern medicine poses danger.
12 Paul Bennett claimed that taking the homeopathic medicine is effective.
13 The adoption of homeopathy mainly contributes to the delay of seeking appropriate treatment for themselves or their children.
14 The campaign has exerted pressure on Boots and other retailers
Answers
Below are the answers, key words, synonyms and full explanations for the IELTS Reading passage Overdosing on Nothing (Passage 1, Questions 1–14).
Questions 1–7: Matching Headings (i–ix)
i The definition of three laws · ii Quoting three laws against homeopathy · iii Many methods of avoiding awkward questions · iv Illustrating the true nature of homeopathy · v The constant booming of homeopathy · vi Some differences between homeopathy and placebo · vii Placebo is better than homeopathy · viii Further demonstrating the negative effect of homeopathy · ix The purpose of staging a demonstration against homeopathy
1. Paragraph A
Answer: ix — The purpose of staging a demonstration against homeopathy
Key words: international protest, mass overdose, raise public awareness
Synonyms: purpose of the demonstration = “An international protest this week aims to demonstrate the truth about homeopathy … to raise public awareness”
Explanation: Paragraph A sets out why the 10:23 protest is being staged.
2. Paragraph B
Answer: v — The constant booming of homeopathy
Key words: survived, prospered, £40 million spent annually
Synonyms: constant booming = “the homeopathic industry has not only survived into the 21st century, but prospered … more than £40 million is spent annually”
Explanation: Paragraph B shows how the industry keeps growing.
3. Paragraph C
Answer: i — The definition of three laws
Key words: law of similars, law of infinitesimals, law of succession
Synonyms: definition of three laws = “The discipline is based on three ‘laws’; the law of similars, the law of infinitesimals and the law of succession”
Explanation: Paragraph C explains each of the three “laws”.
4. Paragraph D
Answer: vii — Placebo is better than homeopathy
Key words: no better than a placebo, car without wheels
Synonyms: placebo is better = remedies are “no better than a placebo … like justifying building a car without any wheels on the basis that you can still enjoy the comfy leather seats”
Explanation: The car analogy says the placebo (the seats) at least gives something, while homeopathy adds nothing functional.
5. Paragraph E
Answer: iv — Illustrating the true nature of homeopathy
Key words: retailers admitted, no evidence, Paul Bennett of Boots
Synonyms: illustrating the true nature = “Even some retailers who sell the treatments have admitted there is no evidence that they work”
Explanation: Boots’ own pharmacist admitting there is no evidence exposes what homeopathy really is.
6. Paragraph F
Answer: viii — Further demonstrating the negative effect of homeopathy
Key words: risk, delay seeking appropriate treatment
Synonyms: negative effect = “there is a risk in perpetuating the notion that homeopathy is equivalent to modern medicine. People may delay seeking appropriate treatment”
Explanation: Paragraph F points to a real harm: delayed proper treatment.
7. Paragraph G
Answer: iii — Many methods of avoiding awkward questions
Key words: sidestep awkward questions, rejecting trials
Synonyms: methods of avoiding = “Homeopathy has many ways to sidestep awkward questions, such as rejecting the validity of randomized controlled trials”
Explanation: Paragraph G lists the ways believers dodge hard questions.
Questions 8–14: True / False / Not Given
8. Skeptics planning to hold a demonstration in the “10.23” campaign is against the UK’s leading pharmacist, Boots.
Answer: TRUE
Key words: put pressure on Boots, remove the remedies
Synonyms: against Boots = the campaign aims “to put pressure on the UK’s leading pharmacist, Boots, to remove the remedies from sale”
Explanation: The protest directly targets Boots.
9. National Health Service budget gained a small portion of the homeopathic industry.
Answer: FALSE
Key words: £4 million sucked from the NHS budget
Synonyms: opposite of “gained” = “£4 million of this being sucked from the National Health Service budget”
Explanation: The NHS pays out (loses) money, it does not gain — so the statement is false.
10. The example of caffeine is to present that homeopathy resists the law of similars.
Answer: TRUE
Key words: caffeine keeps you awake, makes little sense
Synonyms: resists / defies logic = “as caffeine keeps you awake, it can also be a cure for insomnia. Of course, that makes little sense”
Explanation: The caffeine example shows the law of similars does not stand up to logic.
11. Instilling the idea to people that homeopathy is equal to modern medicine poses danger.
Answer: TRUE
Key words: risk, equivalent to modern medicine
Synonyms: poses danger = “there is a risk in perpetuating the notion that homeopathy is equivalent to modern medicine”
Explanation: Treating homeopathy as equal to real medicine is called a risk.
12. Paul Bennett claimed that taking the homeopathic medicine is effective.
Answer: FALSE
Key words: no evidence, efficacious
Synonyms: did not claim effective = Bennett said “I have no evidence before me to suggest that they are efficacious”
Explanation: He admitted the opposite — no evidence they work.
13. The adoption of homeopathy mainly contributes to the delay of seeking appropriate treatment for themselves or their children.
Answer: FALSE
Key words: may delay
Synonyms: possibility, not “mainly” = “People may delay seeking appropriate treatment for themselves or their children”
Explanation: The passage says people “may” delay — it does not say this is the main effect, so “mainly contributes” overstates it.
14. The campaign has exerted pressure on Boots and other retailers.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Key words: hopefully will ram home the message
Synonyms: outcome not stated = the campaign hopes to “ram home our message”, but whether it has actually pressured the retailers is not said.
Explanation: The result of the campaign is not stated → NOT GIVEN.
Answer Key (Quick Reference)
| Q | Answer | Q | Answer |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ix | 8 | TRUE |
| 2 | v | 9 | FALSE |
| 3 | i | 10 | TRUE |
| 4 | vii | 11 | TRUE |
| 5 | iv | 12 | FALSE |
| 6 | viii | 13 | FALSE |
| 7 | iii | 14 | NOT GIVEN |
