Table of Contents
Passage
A The forest canopy—the term given to the aggregated crowns of trees in a forest—is thought to host up to 40 per cent of all species, of which ten percent could be unique to the forest roof. “We’re dealing with the richest, least known, most threatened habitat on Earth,” says Andrew Mitchell, the executive director of the Global Canopy Programme (GCP), a collection of groups undertaking research into this lofty world. “The problem with our understanding of forests is that nearly all the information we have has been gleaned from just two metres above the soil, and yet we’re dealing with trees that grow to heights of 60 metres, or in the case of the tallest redwood 112 metres. It’s like doctors trying to treat humans by only looking at their feet.”
B Tropical rainforest comprises the richest of ecosystems, rivalled only by coral reel for its diversity and complex interrelationships. And a great deal of that diversity lives up in the canopy—an estimated 70-90 percent of life in the rainforest exists in the trees; one in ten of all vascular plants are canopy dwellers; and about 20-25 per cent of all invertebrates are thought to be unique to the canopy.
C The first Briton to actually get into the canopy may have been Sir Francis Drake who, in 1573, gained his first glimpse of the Pacific Ocean from a tall tree in Darien, Panama. However, the first serious effort to reach and study the canopy didn’t begin until 1929. The Oxford University Expedition to British Guiana, led by Major RWG Hingston, still ended up requiring the help of locals when it came to building an observation platform. It was a successful expedition all the same, despite the colony’s acting governor getting stuck high up on a winched seat during a visit. In terms of canopy access, the French have proved themselves to be excellent innovators, taking things further with the development of‘lighter than-air platforms’—balloons and related equipment, to you and me. Francis Halle; from the Laboratoire de Botanique Tropicale at Montpellier University took to a balloon in the mid-1980s in order to approach the canopy from above. His work in French Guiana was inspired by the use in Gabon of a tethered helium balloon by Marcel and Annette Hladick. Halle went one further by using a small, purpose-built airship—a cigar-shaped balloon with propellers to aid manoeuvrability. “We suddenly had a mobile system that could move around the treetops; there was no other means of doing this,” says Mitchell.
D From this, two balloon-dependent features have developed: the radeau or raft, and the luge or sledge. The raft is a‘floating’ platform, employed by French academics Dany Cleyet-Marrel and Laurent Pyot and is essentially an island in the treetops. Made of kevlar mesh netting and edged with inflated neoprene tubes, it rests on top of the canopy, allowing sampling (mostly of plants and insects) to take place at the edges of the platform, and can stay in position for several days . The luge, on the other hand, is an inflated hexagon similar to a traditional balloon basket but with a hole in the bottom covered with Kevlar mesh. Such techniques aren’t without their problems, however. “Balloons can cover larger areas, especially for collection purposes, but they are extremely expensive- Jibe raft alone cost 122,000 [euro] (86,000 [pounds sterling]) in 2001, not very effective because you can only reach the tops of the trees, and are highly dependent on the weather, “ says Dr Wilfried Morawetz, director of systematic botany at the University of Leipzig. “Balloons can usually only be used in the early morning for two to four hours. Last time, we could only fly three times during a whole week.” Given these factors, it comes as no surprise that operations involving these balloons numbered just six between 1986 and 2001.
E The next major innovation came from Alan Smith, who worked at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. Smith had the idea of using a static crane to get into the treetops. Un-tethered balloons may allow widely distributed sites to be sampled, but cranes allow scientists to study an area of at least a hectare from soil to canopy throughout the year, year after year. “Cranes beat any other access modes. They are cheap, reliable and fast. In two minutes I can reach any point in our forest, which is essential for comparative measurements across species,” says Professor Christian Korner of the University of Basel. Korner is using a static crane in a unique carbon dioxide-enrichment experiment in Switzerland, in an attempt to discover how forests might respond to the global increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide For reasons of convenience, cranes are generally situated close to cities or a research centre. Leipzig University has a crane not far from the town, the location allowing scientists to study the effect of city pollutants on forests. In order to increase the amount of canopy a crane can access, some have been mounted on short rail tracks. In 1995, Dr Wilfried Morawetz was the first to use this technique, installing a crane on 150 metres of track in Venezuelan rainforest. “In my opinion, cranes should be the core of canopy research in the future,” he says.
F It appears that the rest of the scientific community has now come around to Mitchell’s way of thinking. “I think most scientists thought him mad to consider such a complex field station at first,” says internationally respected ‘canopist’ Meg Lowman, the executive director of the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. “However, we’ve all come to realize that a combination of methods, a long-term approach to ecological studies and a collaborative approach are the absolute best ways to advance canopy science. A permanent canopy field station would allow that to happen.” With a dedicated group of canopy scientists working together and a wide range of tools available for them to get into the treetops, we’re now finally on our way towards a true understanding of the least-known terrestrial habitat.
Questions
Questions 14-18 The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-F. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14 The ecological significance for canopy study.
15 the first academic research attempt mentioned to get to the top canopy.
16 the overview idea of forest canopy and the problem of understanding the forests.
17 a recognition for a long term effect and cooperation.
18 an innovation accessing to treetop which proved to be an ultimate solution till now.
Questions 19-22 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
Scientists keep trying new methods to access to the canopy of the treetop. Though early attempt succeeded in building an observation platform yet the help of the 19 ……………. was imperative: Further innovators made by the French who built a platform with equipments by using 20 ……………. . Later, the ‘floating’ platform of 21 ……………. is serving as an island in the treetops. Then finally, there came the next major breakthrough in Panama. Scientist applied 22 ……………. to access to the treetops, which are proved to be the centre of canopy research in today and in the future.
Questions 23-27 Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-F) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once
A Sir Francis Drake
B Wilfried Morawetz
C Dany Cleyet-Marrel
D Francis Halle
E Christian Korner
F Alan Smith
23 Scientist whose work was inspired by the method used by other researchers.
24 Scientist who made a claim that balloon could only be used in a limited frequency or time.
25 Scientist who initiated a successful access mode which is cheap and stable.
26 Scientist who had committed canopy-crane experiment for a specific scientific project.
27 Scientist who initiated the use of crane on the short rail tracks.
Answers
Below are the answers, key words and full explanations for the IELTS Reading passage Researcher on the Tree Crown (Passage 2, Questions 14–27). .
Questions 14–18: Matching Information (Paragraphs A–F)
14. The ecological/scientific significance for canopy study.
Answer: B
Key words: significance, diversity
Explanation: Paragraph B: “Tropical rainforest comprises the richest of ecosystems … 70-90 per cent of life in the rainforest exists in the trees … 20-25 per cent of all invertebrates are thought to be unique to the canopy.“
richest ecosystems / life in the trees = ecological significance of canopy study.
Answer: B
15. The first academic research attempt mentioned to reach the top canopy.
Answer: C
Key words: first academic research attempt
Explanation: Paragraph C: “the first serious effort to reach and study the canopy didn’t begin until 1929. The Oxford University Expedition to British Guiana.“
first serious effort / Oxford Expedition = first academic research attempt.
Answer: C
16. The overview idea of forest canopy and the problem of understanding the forests.
Answer: A
Key words: overview, problem of understanding
Explanation: Paragraph A defines the canopy and states “The problem with our understanding of forests is that nearly all the information we have has been gleaned from just two metres above the soil.“
defines the canopy + the problem of understanding forests = overview and the problem.
Answer: A
17. A recognition for a long-term effect and cooperation.
Answer: F
Key words: long-term, cooperation
Explanation: Paragraph F: “a combination of methods, a long-term approach to ecological studies and a collaborative approach are the absolute best ways to advance canopy science.“
long-term approach + collaborative approach = long-term effect and cooperation.
Answer: F
18. An innovation for accessing treetops which proved to be an ultimate solution till now.
Answer: E
Key words: innovation, ultimate solution
Explanation: Paragraph E describes the static crane: “Cranes beat any other access mode … cranes should be the core of canopy research in the future.“
cranes beat any other access mode / the core of research = ultimate solution till now.
Answer: E
Questions 19–22: Summary Completion (NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS)
19. … the help of the __ was imperative (to build the platform).
Answer: locals
Key words: help, observation platform
Explanation: “The Oxford University Expedition … still ended up requiring the help of locals when it came to building an observation platform.“
Answer: locals
20. … the French built a platform with equipment by using __ .
Answer: balloons
Key words: French, equipment
Explanation: “the French … the development of ‘lighter-than-air platforms’ — balloons and related equipment.“
Answer: balloons
21. … the ‘floating’ platform of __ serves as an island in the treetops.
Answer: raft
Key words: floating platform, island in the treetops
Explanation: “the radeau or raft … The raft is a ‘floating’ platform … essentially an island in the treetops.“
Answer: raft
22. … scientists applied __ to access the treetops (the centre of canopy research now and in the future).
Answer: crane
Key words: Panama, breakthrough
Explanation: “Smith had the idea of using a static crane to get into the treetops … cranes should be the core of canopy research in the future.“
Answer: crane
Questions 23–27: Matching People (A–F; letters may repeat)
People: A Sir Francis Drake · B Wilfried Morawetz · C Dany Cleyet-Marrel · D Francis Halle · E Christian Korner · F Alan Smith
23. Scientist whose work was inspired by the method used by other researchers.
Answer: D (Francis Halle)
Explanation: “Francis Halle … His work in French Guiana was inspired by the use in Gabon of a tethered helium balloon by Marcel and Annette Hladick.“
inspired by the use in Gabon = inspired by the method of other researchers.
Answer: D
24. Scientist who claimed that a balloon could only be used for a limited frequency or time.
Answer: B (Wilfried Morawetz)
Explanation: Morawetz: “Balloons can usually only be used in the early morning for two to four hours. Last time, we could only fly three times during a whole week.“
only two to four hours / three times a week = limited frequency or time.
Answer: B
25. Scientist who initiated a successful access mode which is cheap and stable.
Answer: F (Alan Smith)
Explanation: “Alan Smith … had the idea of using a static crane.” Cranes are described as “cheap, reliable and fast.“
had the idea of the static crane (cheap, reliable) = initiated a cheap and stable access mode.
Answer: F
26. Scientist who committed a canopy-crane experiment for a specific scientific project.
Answer: E (Christian Korner)
Explanation: “Korner is using a static crane in a unique carbon dioxide-enrichment experiment in Switzerland.“
crane in a CO2-enrichment experiment = canopy-crane experiment for a specific project.
Answer: E
27. Scientist who initiated the use of a crane on short rail tracks.
Answer: B (Wilfried Morawetz)
Explanation: “In 1995, Dr Wilfried Morawetz was the first to use this technique, installing a crane on 150 metres of track.“
first to install a crane on track = initiated crane on short rail tracks.
Answer: B
| Answer Key (Quick Reference) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Q | Answer | Q | Answer |
| 14 | B | 21 | raft |
| 15 | C | 22 | crane |
| 16 | A | 23 | D (Halle) |
| 17 | F | 24 | B (Morawetz) |
| 18 | E | 25 | F (Smith) |
| 19 | locals | 26 | E (Korner) |
| 20 | balloons | 27 | B (Morawetz) |
Cambridge IELTS 1-21 Reading test solutions
