Table of Contents
Passage
A. Sometimes ideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton’s case, out of the rain. “I was in a bus in Morocco travelling through the desert,” he remembers. “It had been raining and the bus was full of hot, wet people. The windows steamed up and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke, the thing was soaking wet. I had to wring it out. And it set me thinking. Why was it so wet?”
B. The answer, of course, was condensation. Back home in London, a physicist friend, Philip Davies, explained that the glass, chilled by the rain outside, had cooled the hot humid air inside the bus below its dew point, causing droplets of water to form on the inside of the window. Intrigued, Paton-a lighting engineer by profession-started rigging up his own equipment. “I made my own solar stills. It occurred to me that you might be able to produce water in this way in the desert, simply by cooling the air. I wondered whether you could make enough to irrigate fields and grow crops.”
C. Today, a decade on, his dream has taken shape as giant greenhouse on a desert island off Abu Dhabi in the Persian Gulf —the first commercially viable Version of his “seawater greenhouse”. Local scientists, working with Paton under a license from his company Light Works, are watering the desert and growing vegetables in what is basically a giant dew-making machine that produces fresh water and cool air from sum and seawater. In awarding Paton first prize in a design competition two years ago, Marco Goldschmied, president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, called it “a truly original idea which has the potential to impact on the lives of millions of people living in coastal water-starved areas around the world.”
D. The design has three main parts (see Graphic). The greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind so that hot, dry desert air blows in through the front wall of perforated cardboard, kept wet and cool by a constant tickle of seawater pumped up from the nearby shoreline. The evaporating seawater cools and moistens the air. Last June, for example, when the temperature outside the Abu Dhabi greenhouse was 46°c, it was in the low 30s inside. While the air outside was dry, the humidity in the greenhouse was 90 percent. The cool, moist air allows the plants to grow faster, and because much less water evaporates from the leaves their demand for moisture drops dramatically. Paton’s crops thrived on a single liter of water per square meter per day, compared to 8 liters if they were growing outside.
E. The second feature also cools the air for the plants. Paton has constructed a double-layered roof with an outer layer of clear polythene and an inner, coated layer that reflects infrared light. Visible light can stream through to maximize photosynthesis, while heat from the infrared radiation is trapped in the space between the layer, away from the plants.
F. At the back of the greenhouse sits the third element, the main water-production unit. Just before entering this unit, the humid air of the greenhouse mixes with hot, dry air from between the two layers of the roof. This means the air can absorb more moisture as it passes through a second moist cardboard wall. Finally, the hot saturated air hits a condenser. This is a metal surface kept cool by still more seawater-the equivalent of the window on Paton’s Moroccan bus. Drops of pure distilled water from on the condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.
G. The greenhouse more or less runs itself. Sensors switch everything on when the sun rises and alter flows of air and seawater through the day in response to changes in temperature, humidity and sunlight. On windless days, fans ensure a constant flow of air through the greenhouse. “once it is tuned to the local environment, you don’t need anyone there for it to work,” says Paton. “we can run the entire operation off one 13-amp plug, and in future we could make it entirely independent of the grid, powered from a few solar panels.”
H. The net effect is to evaporate seawater into hot desert air, then re-condense the moisture as fresh water. At the same time, cool moist air flows through the greenhouse to provide ideal conditions for the crops. The key to the seawater greenhouse’s potential is its unique combination of desalination and air conditioning. By tapping the power of the sun, it can cool as efficiently as a 500-kilowatt air conditioner while using less than 3 kilowatts of electricity. In practice, it evaporates 3000 liters of seawater a day and turns it into about 800 liters of fresh water—just enough to irrigate the plants. The rest is lost as water vapor.
I. Critics point out that construction costs of £25per square meter mean the water is twice as expensive as water from a conventional desalination plant. But the comparison is misleading, says Paton. The natural air conditioning in the greenhouse massively increases the value of that water. Because the plants need only an eight of the water used by those grown conventionally, the effective cost is only a quarter that of water from a standard desalination. And costs should plummet when mass production begins, he adds.
J. Best of all, the greenhouse should be environmentally, friendly. “I suppose there might be aesthetic objections to large structures on coastal sites,” says Harris, “but it is a clean technology and doesn’t produce pollution or even large quantities of hot water.”
Questions
Questions 27-31 Do the following statements agree with the information given in reading passage 3?
In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27. Paton came up with the idea of making water in desert by pure accident.
28. The bus Paton rode in had poor ventilation because of broken fans.
29. Paton woke up from sleep to discover that his towel was wet.
30. Paton started his greenhouse project immediately after meeting up with his friend.
31. Paton later opened his own business in the Persian Gulf.
Questions 32-36 Complete the diagram below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage. Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.
Questions 37-40 Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage. Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
The greenhouse Paton built is installed with 37………………. to keep the air flowing if the wind stands still, and it is expected in the future to rely on electricity provided solely by 38. ………………. Despite the high construction costs compared to desalination plant, the plants grown in Paton’s greenhouse need much less water, and if produced in large quantities the 39. ………………. could be reduced remarkably. In addition to all these advantages, it is also 40.………………. because it is clean and pollution free.
Answers
Below are the answers, key words and full explanations for the IELTS Reading passage The Rainmaker (Passage 3, Questions 27–40).
Questions 27–31: True / False / Not Given
27. Paton came up with the idea of making water in the desert by pure accident.
Answer: TRUE
Key words: idea, pure accident
Explanation: “Sometimes ideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton’s case, out of the rain … it set me thinking.” The idea came unexpectedly from the wet-towel incident on the bus.
pop up out of the blue = by pure accident.
Answer: TRUE
28. The bus Paton rode in had poor ventilation because of broken fans.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Key words: poor ventilation, broken fans
Explanation: The passage says the bus was “full of hot, wet people” and the windows steamed up, but it never mentions fans or a reason for poor ventilation. No such information is given.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
29. Paton woke up from sleep to discover that his towel was wet.
Answer: TRUE
Key words: woke up, towel wet
Explanation: “I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke, the thing was soaking wet.“
the thing was soaking wet = his towel was wet.
Answer: TRUE
30. Paton started his greenhouse project immediately after meeting up with his friend.
Answer: FALSE
Key words: greenhouse project, immediately
Explanation: After his friend explained condensation, Paton “started rigging up his own equipment … made my own solar stills.” The greenhouse only appeared “a decade on” — ten years later, not immediately.
a decade on contradicts “immediately.”
Answer: FALSE
31. Paton later opened his own business in the Persian Gulf.
Answer: TRUE
Key words: own business, Persian Gulf
Explanation: “Local scientists, working with Paton under a licence from his company Light Works,” operate the greenhouse “on a desert island off Abu Dhabi in the Persian Gulf.” His company operates there.
his company Light Works operating in Abu Dhabi = his own business in the Persian Gulf.
Answer: TRUE
Questions 32–36: Diagram Labelling (NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS)
32. (Inner roof layer reflects …)
Answer: infrared light
Key words: roof, reflects
Explanation: “an inner, coated layer that reflects infrared light … heat from the infrared radiation is trapped.“
Answer: infrared light
33. (Air entering the front wall)
Answer: hot dry air
Key words: front wall, desert air blows in
Explanation: “hot, dry desert air blows in through the front wall of perforated cardboard.“
Answer: hot dry air
34. (Air absorbs more … through the second wall)
Answer: moisture
Key words: second moist cardboard wall, absorb
Explanation: “the air can absorb more moisture as it passes through a second moist cardboard wall.“
Answer: moisture
35. (Metal surface where water forms)
Answer: condenser
Key words: metal surface, hot saturated air hits
Explanation: “the hot saturated air hits a condenser. This is a metal surface kept cool by still more seawater.“
Answer: condenser
36. (Drops that form and flow into a tank)
Answer: pure distilled water
Key words: drops, flow into a tank
Explanation: “Drops of pure distilled water form on the condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.“
Answer: pure distilled water
Questions 37–40: Summary Completion (NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS)
37. … installed with __ to keep the air flowing if the wind stands still …
Answer: fans
Key words: keep air flowing, wind stands still
Explanation: “On windless days, fans ensure a constant flow of air through the greenhouse.“
windless days = wind stands still; constant flow of air = keep the air flowing.
Answer: fans
38. … expected in the future to rely on electricity provided solely by __.
Answer: solar panels
Key words: future, electricity, solely
Explanation: “in future we could make it entirely independent of the grid, powered from a few solar panels.“
independent of the grid, powered from solar panels = electricity provided solely by solar panels.
Answer: solar panels
39. … if produced in large quantities the __ could be reduced remarkably.
Answer: costs
Key words: large quantities, reduced remarkably
Explanation: “costs should plummet when mass production begins.” Mass production = large quantities; plummet = reduced remarkably.
costs should plummet = costs could be reduced remarkably.
Answer: costs
40. … it is also __ because it is clean and pollution free.
Answer: environmentally friendly
Key words: clean, pollution free
Explanation: “the greenhouses should be environmentally friendly … it is a clean technology and doesn’t produce pollution.“
Answer: environmentally friendly
| Answer Key (Quick Reference) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Q | Answer | Q | Answer |
| 27 | TRUE | 34 | moisture |
| 28 | NOT GIVEN | 35 | condenser |
| 29 | TRUE | 36 | pure distilled water |
| 30 | FALSE | 37 | fans |
| 31 | TRUE | 38 | solar panels |
| 32 | infrared light | 39 | costs |
| 33 | hot dry air | 40 | environmentally friendly |
Cambridge IELTS 1-21 Reading test solutions
